<b>HRAC Group 5</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy C1 C2) </font> resistant Abutilon theophrasti from United States, Maryland

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 5 (LEGACY C1 C2) RESISTANT VELVETLEAF
(Abutilon theophrasti)

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

United States, Maryland

INTRODUCTION		VELVETLEAF
Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) is a dicot weed in the Malvaceae family. In Maryland this weed first evolved resistance to Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides in 1984 and infests Corn (maize), and Cropland. Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides are known as PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (Inhbition of Photosynthesis at PSll - Serine 264 Binders ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to atrazine and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Sep 15, 2000 )
Common Name	Velvetleaf
Species	Abutilon theophrasti
Group	PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
Herbicides	atrazine
Location	United States, Maryland
Year	1984
Situation(s)	Corn (maize), and Cropland
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Ronald Ritter
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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Field, and Greenhouse trials comparing a known susceptible Velvetleaf biotype with this Velvetleaf biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 5 resistant Velvetleaf have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) resistant Velvetleaf from Maryland please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

RONALD RITTER

Professor University Of Maryland Plant Science and Landscape Architecture 1118 H. J. Patterson Hall College Park, 20742 , Maryland United States Email Ronald Ritter Web : Web Site Link

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Maryland have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Ronald Ritter for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Velvetleaf Globally
(Abutilon theophrasti)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

United States (Maryland)

1984

Corn (maize), and Cropland

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

United States (Wisconsin)

1990

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

United States (Minnesota)

1991

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

United States (Michigan)

2004

Corn (maize), Nurseries, and Soybean

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Zhang ShaSha ; Zhang Rui ; Zhou Tao ; Guo SanDui. 2013. Construction of a vector for an optimized epsps gene from Abutilon theophrasti medic promoted by multi-types of promoters and its transformation. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology (Beijing) 15 : 48 - 54.

Genetically modified glyphosate-resistant (GR) crops are widely commercialized GM crops in the world. However, cotton stamens are sensitive to glyphosate treatment, resulting in poor pollination and boll abortion and less cotton yield. To further improve the glyphosate-resistance trait of cotton and reproductive abnormalities in GR cotton, we employed a strategy in which the optimized epsps gene from Abutilon theophrasti Medic were driven by 3 promoters of tandem coexpression, including constitutive promoter CaMV35S, cotton reproductive organs referential expression promoter arf1 and glyphosate-induced promoter ag2. The construct was introduced into cotton via Agrobacterium based flower dipping approach. Eight T₀ generation glyphosate-resistant plants were obtained after glyphosate screening, and their reproductive development were normal. PCR and RT-PCR results suggested that the epsps gene had successfully integrated into the cotton genome and had expressed correctly. These results indicated the possibilities of broadening the expression scope about a gene promoted by different types of promoters, so as to obtaining our own genetically modified GR cotton..

Yin LiNa ; Zhang MingCai ; Li ZhaoHu ; Duan LiuSheng ; Wang ShiWen. 2012. Enhanced UV-B radiation increases glyphosate resistance in velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti). Photochemistry and Photobiology 88 : 1428 - 1432.

Depletion of the ozone layer leads to increasing UV-B radiation on the earth's surface, which may affect weeds and their responses to herbicides. However, the effect of increased UV-B radiation on weeds and the interaction of weeds and herbicides are still obscure. The objective of this study was to compare glyphosate efficacy on velvetleaf that was grown under with and without increased UV-B radiation. Leaf area, dry weight and net photosynthesis of velvetleaf seedlings were adversely affected by increased UV-B radiation. Leaf cuticle wax significantly increased by 28% under increased UV-B radiation. Glyphosate efficacy on velvetleaf, evaluated by shoot dry weight, was significantly decreased by increased UV-B radiation. Exposure to increased UV-B radiation significantly decreased ¹⁴C-glyphosate absorption from 49% to 43%, and also resulted in less ¹⁴C-glyphosate translocation out of treated leaves and less glyphosate accumulation in newly expanded leaves. The decrease in glyphosate efficacy was due to changes in absorption and distribution, which were attributed to increased cuticle wax and decreased photosynthesis caused by increased UV-B radiation. These results suggest that the responses of weeds to herbicides may be affected by increased UV-B radiation, to the extent that higher rates may be required to achieve the desired effects..

James, T. K. ; Cooper, J. M.. 2012. Control of the recently-introduced weed butterprint (Abutilon theophrasti) in maize. New Zealand Plant Protection 65 : 64 - 68.

Butterprint (velvetleaf in many countries) is one of the worst broadleaf weeds in maize (Zea mays) and soya bean (Glycine max) crops in USA. It has been accidently introduced into New Zealand on several occasions. Recently it has been found in three maize fields in Waikato and has become well established at one 20 ha site. Twelve different post-emergence herbicides were evaluated for control of butterprint in glasshouse pot trials and in a field trial. In the glasshouse bromoxynil, dicamba, mesotrione, aminopyralid and topramezone all gave 100% control. In the field trial, dicamba showed the most activity but overall efficacy was less than in the glasshouse. Dicamba controlled most of the plants that were present at spraying, but germination over the next month resulted in a final population of 88% of the original. This population of butterprint also shows a very high tolerance to atrazine when treated post-emergence..

Pavlovic, D. ; Vrbnicanin, S. ; Bozic, D. ; Marisavljevic, D.. 2007. Testing resistance of Abutilon theophrasti Med. to atrazine. : .

Pavlovic´, D. ; Vrbničanin, S. ; Božic´, D. ; Simončič, A.. 2007. The study of methods for determination of metabolism based resistance of Abutilon theophrasti medic. to atrazine. Journal of Central European Agriculture 8 : 435 - 442.

Different methods for recording morphological and physiological parameters were used to define the level of susceptibility/resistance of Abutilon theophrasti populations to atrazine, in the period between 2002 and 2003. Three different populations of A. theophrasti from the fields near Belgrade were investigated. Total leaf weight and fresh and dry shoot weight among morphological parameters as well as transpiration, water vapour diffusion, chlorophyll fluorescence and total amount of chlorophyll among physiological parameters were measured. Minor differences to atrazine application between the tested populations of A. theophrasti were observed. There are some differences in all morphological parameters, but the most informative ones were the total fresh and dry shoot weight. Although the measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence caused lower differences between tested populations, this method proved itself as most sensitive among physiological methods. Calculated resistance indexes based on different parameters ranged from 2.2 to 15.9..

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